Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Geography - Essay Example The concerned area is located at a very important place and keeps diversity for commercial and industrial base. Lansdowne Street joints the highway. The indigenous people occupy this part of the Peterborough. Metropolitan Toronto also influences this part of Peterborough. Water is the important component of the cultural and physical landscape of the census tract 05. Little lake provides the recreational opportunity to tours and local residents (Adams and Taylor, 2009). Traditional ways of travelling were used as boating. It was suggested as the important for recreation in the economy. Adams and Taylor (2009) provided the industrial outlook of the area. The Q.T.G Canada and Ventra Plastics, Sysco Food Services and Siemens are the important industries of the City Peterborough. Development in tourist, health and education industry is also increasing in the concerned area. Trent University and Sir Sand ford Fleming College are the major institutions in the area. Students from local as we ll as across the Canada and Province come here for study purposes. Adams and Taylor (2009) presented the Census tracts of Peterborough on varied cultural, shopping and recreational attractions. People move to Toronto in summer and weekends because of Kawartha lakes. People from America, Ontario also come to these Kawartha lakes in their leisure times. People use their own automobiles for travelling, but some of people use other means such as bicycling, walking and canoeing. Observation from Primary sources: The cultural heritage landscapes are those areas, which are modified by humans. The residents of the area value this modified landscape. Little lake cemetery was chartered first in Ontario that represented the special cultural heritage. Little lake is recognized as the significant place and considered as the open space because it is adjacent to parks. Little lake is Category an asset because the properties of the Little Lake are valued on provincial as well as national level. The Lansdowne Street is the important place for growing business and just away from the heart of the city Peterborough. For example, Comfort Hotel & Suites is beautifully designed that demonstrates the origin of this area in city Peterborough. The Lansdowne Street W crosses over the Little Lake and leads towards the Burnham Provincial Park. Park Street is also included in the business districts of the central area. The Park Street area is represented as the transitional and industrial conversion sub area. Natural setting and topography of the Little Lake provides space for people living in the Census Tract 5 as a fashion for the movement of rural cemetery. This area is also significant because it reflects the changing attitudes about the concept of death and cultural movement. The tract 5 is the area of residents with high-income families. People living in this area shift their spending on the needs and household. Young adults of the study area spend a higher part of their income on th e recreation merchandise, fashion and entertainment. Increase in family size and children ages, the housing, home decoration and furnishing share a greater part of the income of families. People of the concerned area replace the furniture when it is retired. Presence of colleges and other educational institutions is the crucial driver for the economic development and attracts the young people to be part of the same

Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) Research Validity

Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) Research Validity Internal, External and Construct Validity Introduction Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) has been utilized with success in students with or without learning disabilities and it is mainly attributed due to increased time concentrated on reading materials or exercises on the computer. It offers productive practice and time management and is an effective tool to used as a supplement to providing drills (Williams, Wright, Callaghan, Coughlan, 2002). Some of the advantages that the CAI provides inside the classroom include one-on-one exercise with minimal supervisory time involving the teacher. In many cases, instant feedback to students allows mistakes to be rectified immediately. Certain programs offer features that monitor speed and accuracy of answers and the regularity of instruction for subject mastery (Wong, 2008). Internal Validity Threats In a research study done by Coleman-Martin, Heller, Cihak, Irvine (2005), a slower acquisition rate score was recorded when a different Windows version (i.e., XP versus Windows 98) was used during one of the test sessions. The variation of the platform caused the PowerPoint slide presentation to run slower than the prior sessions that resulted to disrupting its timing and consistency. Computer skills, familiarity with the software programs, and prior knowledge in the question format (i.e., multiple choice) are factors to consider that might have influence the rate at which the students learned words identification (Coleman-Martin, et al., 2005, p. 90). Similarly, according to research study conducted by Fuchs, L., Fuchs, D., Hamlet, C., Powell, S., Capizzi, A., Seethaler, P. (2006) on the effects of CAI on number combination skill in at-risk first graders, their procedures did not take into consideration the keyboarding skills of at-risk first graders and the possibility that errors related to the learners typing skills reduced the effectiveness of the CAI. External Threats to Validity According to Savage, R., Deault, L., Abrami, P., Hipps, G. (2009), one limitation found on their research regarding a randomized controlled trial study of the ABRACADABRA reading intervention was that students with inferior literacy and associated skills during pretest were more likely not to show up for testing at follow-up. The researchers believed that this is an issue of experimental mortality insinuating that the postponement of posttest outcomes are almost certainly less generalizable to typical reader samples than the more immediate posttest statistics ( Savage, et al., 2009, p. 602). Threats to Construct Validity Bannert (2000) and Van Gog (2005) research study suggested that giving the students control over portions of their instruction allow them to better negotiate the cognitive challenges placed on them as students. They further noted that learner-control participants performed better on a test of transfer than the participants who received no control. Van Gog (2005) hypothesized that over time, improved performance would be visible during training situations along with the capability of the learner to assess and rectify future problematic situations when learners are progressively awarded with more control over their instruction as their skill level intensified. In contrast, Eom and Reiser (2000) revealed that junior high students who were given the opportunity to control their instruction displayed considerably worse performance than those who were not allowed to control their instruction. The same results were reported by several researchers (Farrell and Moore, 2000 and Swaak and de Jong, 2001) who stated that providing students control over their instruction concludes in trivial or insignificant advancement. It may be a case of poor construct definition where a construct may have been mislabeled or defined at a wrong level either too general or too specific. In this case, it is possible that establishing the types of control given to the students will be a crucial factor. Impact of Validity Issues Several validity issues could affect the envisioned research regarding the effectiveness of the type of CAI programs that are currently used as a remediation tool for at-risk students. One limitation is the inclination for technology difficulties because technology can be unpredictable. In accomplishing particular learning objectives, the learning tool such as the software programs used in conjunction with the CAI should be developmentally appropriate. References Bannert, M. (2002). Managing cognitive load recent trends in cognitive load theory. Learning and Instruction, 12, 139-146. Retrieved February 16, 2010, from EBSCOHost database. Creswell, J. (2009). Research design (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. Coleman-Martin, M., Heller, K., Cihak, D., Irvine, K. (2005). Using computer-assisted instruction and the nonverbal reading approach to teach word identification. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 20(2), 80-90. Retrieved February 15, 2010, from EBSCO Host database. Cozby, P. (2009). Methods in behavioral research (10th ed.) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Eom, W. Reiser, R. (2000). The effects of self-regulation and instructional control on performance and motivation in computer-based instruction. International Journal of Instructional Media, 27(3), 247-260. Retrieved February 16, 2010, from EBSCOHost database. Farrell, I. Moore, D. (2000). The effect of navigation tools on learners achievement and attitude in a hypermedia environment. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 29 (2), 169-181. Retrieved February 16, 2010, from EBSCOHost database. Fuchs, L., Fuchs, D., Hamlet, C., Powell, S., Capizzi, A, Seethaler, P. (2006). The effects of computer-assisted instruction on number combination skill in at-risk first graders, 39(5), 467-475. Retrieved February 15, 2010, from EBSCOHost database. Savage, R., Deault, L., Abrami, P., Hipps, G. (2009). A randomized controlled trial study of the ABRACADABRA reading intervention program in grade 1, Journal of Educational Psychology. 101(3), 590-604. Retrieved February 15, 2010, from EBSCOHost database. Swaak, J. de Jong, T. (2001). Learners vs. system control in using online support for simulation-based discovery learning. Learning Environment Research, 4, 217-241. Retrieved February 16, 2010, from EBSCOHost database. Trochim, W., Donnelly, J. (2008). The research methods knowledge base. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Van Gog, T. Ericsson, K. Rikers, R., Paas, F. (2005). Instructional design for advanced learners: Establishing connections between the theoretical framework of cognitive load and deliberate practice. Educational Technology Research and Design, 53(3), 73-81. Retrieved February 16, 2010, from EBSCOHost database. Williams, C., Wright, B. Callaghan, G., Coughlan, B. (2002). Do children with autism learn to read more readily by computer-assisted instruction or traditional book method? A pilot study. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 6, 71-91.Retrieved February 16, 2010, from EBSCOHost database. Wong, B. (1991). Learning about learning disabilities. New York: Academic Press.

contiential not drifting but raising :: essays research papers

A skull of 95 million year old dinosaurs which unearthed from narmada river bed region of India has raised hot debate among researchers. Because the dinosaurs fossils totally contradict with the theory of continental drifting which proposed by German meteorologist Alfred Wagner. According to this theory before 200 million years ago all the present day continents were jointly present and the super continent was called as pangaea.and then splited in two major continents called as northern laurasia and the southern gonduwana.the theory continue to explains... From the gonduwana south America, south africa, antartica, australia, india and Madagascar separated before 150 million year ago and India was splited and drifted northward crossing the equator 70 million year ago and then collided with the Asian continet.due to the collision the Himalayas was formed and the collision also caused earthquake. But based on the study of dinosaur?s skull paleontologist say the dinosaurs that unearthed from the Gurath region was appeared 95 million years ago. The Gujarat dinosaurs have close relation with the dinosaurs that lived in South America and Madagascar. How this species can reach India that evolved after the splitting of these continents. To solve this problem today the supporters of Wagner explained that the splitting of gonduwana splited before 100 millions years ago instead of 150 million years ago. But this explanation was seriously questioned by a dinosaur?s species known as saropod.this saropod dinosaurs appeared just 65 million years ago. The saropod dinosaurs also lived in South America, and Madagascar. During this period the Indian continent splited from this continents and crossed the equator and existed as an island continent which surrounded by ocean. so obviously there is no way for the saropod dinosaurs to reach India. And supporters of Wagner also have no explanation for this question. But paleontologist said saropod dinosaurs entered in to the India before 65 millions years ago. This proves that India has always attached with Asia as now. And also disproved the drifting continents story. If the continents were not drifting then what caused the earthquake? Whale fossils are discovered from simla hill region and Kutch region of gujaath.which indicate the continents are raising from beneath the ocean. And it is become clear the rising of continents from the earth surface caused the earth trembling. PROOF FOR CONTINENTS ARE RISING UPWARD Posted Date : 26/05/2005 - Author: G.Ponmudi Trilobites is a shrimp like creatures which lived 540-560 millions years go under seawater and for some unknown reason they become extinct.

Nur Jahan

Begum Nur Jahan (Persian, Urdu: ) (alternative spelling Noor Jahan, Nur Jehan, Nor Jahan, etc. ) (31 May 1577–17 December 1645), also known as Mehr-un-Nisaa, was Empress of the Mughal Empire that covered much of the Indian subcontinent. She was an aunt of Empress Mumtaz Mahal, Emperor Shah Jahan's wife for whom the Taj Mahal was made. Begum Nur Jahan was the twentieth and favourite wife of Mughal Emperor Jahangir, who was her second husband. The story of the couple's infatuation for each other and the relationship that abided between them is the stuff of many (often apocryphal) legends.She remains historically significant for the sheer amount of imperial authority she wielded – the true â€Å"power behind the throne,† as Jehangir was battling serious addictions to alcohol and opium throughout her reign – and is known as one of the most powerful women who ruled India with an iron fist. Contents [hide] 1 Birth 2 Marriage with Sher Afghan 3 Marriage with Ja hangir 4 Mughal empress 5 Death 6 Nur Jahan in pop culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links [edit]BirthKandahar (Candahar), Nur Jahan's place of birth, is now southern Afghanistan Nur Jahan was born on May 31 1577 in Kandahar (now in Afghanistan) to traveling Persian, Mirza Ghiyas Beg from Tehran (now in Iran). Her Persian-born grandfather, who was in the service of Shah Tahmasp I, died in Yazd, laden with honours. His heirs, however, soon fell upon hard times. His son Mirza Ghias Beg (known as Itmad-ud-Daulah, â€Å"Pillar of the State†, a title conferred on him by Akbar) travelled to South Asia with his family where he rose to become an administrative official in the Mughal court.For their journey, Ghias Beg and his wife, Asmat Begum, joined a caravan travelling southward under the leadership of a merchant noble named Malik Masud. While still in Persian territory, less than half the way to their destination, Ghias Beg's party was attacked by robbe rs and the family lost almost everything it owned. Left with only two mules, Ghias Beg, his expectant wife, their children, Muhammad Sharif, Abdul Hasan Asaf Khan, and one daughter, took turns riding on the backs of the animals.When the group reached Kandahar, Asmat Begum gave birth to her fourth child and second daughter, Mehr-un-Nisaa. [edit]Marriage with Sher Afghan Mehr-Un-Nisaa was married to Sher Afghan Quli Khan when she was seventeen in 1594, the marriage arranged by Akbar. Sher Afghan was the governor of Burdwan, in Bengal. In 1605, Mehr-Un-Nisaa gave birth to a daughter, also called Mehr-Un-Nisaa (later at court she was named Ladli), Mehr-Un-Nisaa was the one and only child she ever had. In 1607, Sher Afghan Quli Khan was killed during a misunderstanding.During this time Sher Afgan Quli Khan had held the title of Sher Afgan, granted to him by Jahangir as Quli saved his life from an angry tigress. Also, during this time, Jahangir may have been asking Sher Afgan Quli Khan to give Mehr-Un-Nisaa to him, for his harem, although the truth of this is uncertain, as Jahangir married her in 1611, after she had been at court (see below) for four years. [edit]Marriage with Jahangir The Mughal Emperor Jahangir and Prince Khurram with Nur Jahan.The emperor Akbar died in 1605 and was succeeded by prince Salim, who took the regal name Jahangir. After her husband Sher Afghan (who was appointed as jagirdar of Bardhaman, a city in Bengal) was killed in 1607, Mehr-un-Nisaa became a lady-in-waiting to one of the Jahangir's stepmothers, Ruqayya Sultana Begum. Ruqayya was the most senior woman in the harem and had been Akbar's first and principal wife and was also the daughter of Mirza Hindal. The father of Mehr-un-Nisaa was, at that time, a diwan to an amir-ul-umra, decidedly not a very high post.The year 1607 had not been particularly good for Mehr-un-Nisaa. Her family had fallen into disgrace. Her father, who had been holding important posts under Akbar and Jahangir, ha d succumbed to his only weakness, money, and had been charged with embezzlement. Moreover, due to possible involvement in the pro-Khusrau assassination attempt on Jahangir in 1607, two of Mehr-un-Nisaa's family members (one brother named Muhammad Sharif and her mother's cousin) were executed on the orders of the Emperor. In March 1611, her fortune took a turn for the better.She met the emperor Jahangir at the palace meena bazaar during the spring festival Nowruz new year. Jahangir grew so infatuated by her beauty that he proposed immediately and they were married on May 25 of the same year becoming his twentieth wife. [edit]Mughal empress Silver coins minted with Nur Jahan's name on it. For Mehr-un-Nisaa's own immediate family, marriage to Jahangir became a great boon with several members receiving sizeable endowments and promotions as a result. This affection led to Nur Jahan wielding a great deal of actual power in affairs of state.The Mughal state gave absolute power to the emper or, and those who exercised influence over the emperor gained immense influence and prestige. Jahangir's addiction to opium and alcohol made it easier for Nur Jahan to exert her influence. For many years, she effectively wielded imperial power and was recognized as the real force behind the Mughal throne. She even gave audiences at her palace and the ministers consulted with her on most matters. Indeed, Jahangir even permitted coinage to be struck in her name, something that traditionally defined sovereignty.Through Nur Jahan's influence, her family, including her brother Asaf Khan, consolidated their position at court. Asaf Khan was appointed grand Wazir (minister) to Jahangir, and his daughter Arjumand Banu Begum (later known as Mumtaz Mahal) was wed to Prince Khurram (the future Shah Jahan), the third son of Jahangir, born by the Rajput princess, Jagat Gosaini. Jahangir's eldest son Khusrau had rebelled against the Emperor and was blinded as a result. The second son, Parviz, was weak and addicted to alcohol. The fourth son was Prince Shahryar, born by a royal concubine.Khurram rebelled against his father and a war of succession broke out. Due to Khurram's intransigence, Nur Jahan shifted her support to his younger brother, Shahryar. She arranged the marriage of her own daughter Ladli Begum, born of her first marriage, to her stepson Shahryar. [1] The two weddings ensured that one way or another, the influence of Nur Jahan's family would extend over the Mughal Empire for at least another generation. Jahangir was captured by rebels in 1626 while he was on his way to Kashmir. Nur Jahan intervened to get her husband released.Jahangir was rescued but died on October 28, 1627. After Jahangir's death, Nur Jahan devoted some of her life to the making of perfume, particularly using falanja, an art form her mother had passed down. [edit]Death Nur Jahan's Mausoleum in Shahdara Bagh, Lahore, Pakistan When Jahangir died in 1627, Nur Jahan's brother Asaf Khan took the si de of his son-in-law Khurrum against his sister. It was Khurram who became the new Mughal emperor under the regal name Shah Jahan. Nur Jahan was confined to a comfortable mansion for the rest of her life.During this period, paid for and oversaw the construction of her father's mausoleum in Agra, known now as Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Tomb, and occasionally composed Persian poems under the assumed name of Makhfi. [1] Nur Jahan died in 17 December 1645 at age 68, and is buried at Shahdara Bagh in Lahore, Pakistan in a tomb she had built herself, near the tomb of Jahangir. Her brother Asaf Khan's tomb is also located nearby. The tomb attracts many visitors, both Pakistani and foreign, who come to enjoy pleasant walks in its gardens.

Lesson Plan – 3

A Detailed Lesson Plan in Notes in the Five Main Lines of the Treble Clef I. Objectives At the end of this learning session, the students should be able to: A. will learn to identify the names of the notes on the staff in the treble clef. B. appreciates how the notes in the treble clef are important. C. creates new idea in forming a music. II. Subject Matter A. Topic Lesson: Notes in the Five Main Lines of the Treble Clef B. Instructional Materials Flash cards C. References Ricci Adams Copyright 2000-2005 http://www. childrensmusicworkshop. om/musictheory/lessons/html/id10_en. html Copyright  © 1999-2012 Demand Media, Inc. http://www. ehow. com/how_5125488_teach-children-music-notes. html http://www. ehow. com/how_6352010_beginners-can-learn-music-notes. html http://www. ehow. com/list_6188183_games-music-staff. html III. Procedures A. Preliminary Activity 1. Opening Prayer 2. Checking of Attendance 3. Mood Setting Teacher’s Activity| Student’s Activity| Hi class Good Morning! Today we will have a new lesson. Are you excited to learn new lesson? But before that I’m going to show you these pictures.What do you call this? (Showing G-clef)Okay, you are raising you hand, Ms. /Mr. _____________________Very good! Ms. /Mr. _____________________. You may sit down. Now, this one what can do you called this? (Showing the Staff)Yes you Ms. /Mr. _____________________. That’s right, Thank you Ms. /Mr. _____________________. And last, what is this? (Showing Quarter Note)Yes you Ms. /Mr. _____________________. Yes, thank you Ms. /Mr. _____________________. Okay, children. Look at the picture of the Staff. What do you observe? Let’s hear from, Ms. /Mr. _____________________.And how many lines and spaces does the Staff has? Very good observation, Ms. /Mr. _____________________. Ms. /Mr. ______________ said that the Staff has five lines and four spaces and that is right. Today, you will learn about the Five Main Lines and the Four spaces of t he Treble Clef. | Good Morning teacher Nikki! Yes we are! (students raising their hands)(students raising their hands)(students raising their hands)(students raising their hands)Teacher, the Staff has lines and spaces. The Staff has five lines and four spaces. | B. Lecture Teacher’s Activity| Student’s Activity|The staff is the foundation upon which notes are drawn. The modern staff is comprised of five lines and four spaces. When we say Treble Clef it is also called the G Clef. Class, please get your papers and your pens. Because we will draw G-clef. (Teacher Nikki is teaching how to draw the G-clef. )Okay, It seems that everyone knows how to draw it. Good job children And now, on the other piece of paper, draw the staff. Remember, that the staff is consists of 5 lines and four spaces. Everyone, all done drawing their own staff? Now everyone knows how to draw a G-clef and the staff.Let us combine the two. Always remember that the G-clef or any clef is located at the l eft side of the staff. On your drawn staff. We will add the G-clef. Draw a G-clef sign on your staff. Okay, everyone is done. Children, what do you observe to your drawing? Do you think it is incomplete Ms. /Mr. _____________________? Very Good answer Ms. /Mr. ____________ you may sit down. As Ms. /Mr. ____________ said that staff has Notes on it. We will discuss now the notes in the treble clef or the staff. Treble Clef consists of five lines and four spaces.Each lines and spaces represents a note. Now let us discuss the Names in the Line. There are five lines in the staff, and this notes spell out the word â€Å"E-G-B-D-F†To make you to be more familiar to name of the lines we will call it:â€Å"Every-Good-Boy-Does-Fine†Ms. /Mr. _____________________, what does E-G-B-D-F stands for? Alright Ms. /Mr. ____________ Were done with the lines of the staff, now let’s go with the Spaces. Just like the lines, spaces have names to. We can simply call it the, â€Å"F-A- C-E†What do we call the spaces in the staff Ms. /Mr. _____________. Thank you Ms. Mr. _____________ We are now familiar with the names inside the staff. Now, let us combine the names. As you seen, starting from the first line the next is the space, followed by the another line then space and line again, space and line and final space and the final line. It means that the first line stands for â€Å"E† followed by the space letter â€Å"F†. Then the line again stands for â€Å"G† and then the space â€Å"A†. Then the line again stands for â€Å"B† then the space letter â€Å"C†. The middle line stands for â€Å"D† for the next space letter â€Å"E† and for the final line stands for â€Å"F†.Or we can simplify this as, â€Å"E-F-G-A-B-C-D-E-F†| (Students get their papers and pens. )(Students are concentrating in drawing their G-clef. )(Students are drawing their staff. )Yes teacher! (Students are drawing. )(Ye s it is incomplete, because every treble clef has Notes on it. )â€Å"Teacher it is, Every-Good-Boy-Does-Fine†(Teacher, we call it F-A-C-E)| C. Application Teacher’s Activity| Student’s Activity| (Random Showing of Musical Flash Cards)For your activity we are going to play, play but just sitting on chair. I am going to show you flash cards and then tell me what note is it.Let us answer all together. But children remember, do not shout Are you ready children? What note is this.. Next.. Finally.. Very Good children! Thank you for your participation. | (Yes we are! )â€Å"E-F-G-A-B-C-D-E-F†| D. Evaluation Teacher’s Activity| Student’s Activity| For your quiz, get a piece of your paper and then number it from number one to 5. Ready class? Okay let us start. Answer these questions without cheating. I’ll only repeat it twice, so please listen carefully. 1. The Musical staff is consists of ________________ and ________________. 2. There are _____ lines in the staff. 3.There are _____ spaces in the staff. 4. What are the names in the spaces of the staff? 5. What are the names in the lines of the staff? All done? Pens Up! Please pass your papers in front. I’ll give the results tomorrow. And the highest will receive a small prize | (Students get papers) Answer:1. Lines and Spaces2. 5 / five3. 4/ four4. F-A-C-E5. E-G-B-D-F| E. Assignment Teacher’s Activity| Student’s Activity| For your assignment. Please read about Bass clef and Ledgers lines. That’s it for now. Hope you learn something today. God bless. | (Students take notes)Goodbye and Thank you, Ma’am. | Lesson Plan – 3 A Detailed Lesson Plan in Notes in the Five Main Lines of the Treble Clef I. Objectives At the end of this learning session, the students should be able to: A. will learn to identify the names of the notes on the staff in the treble clef. B. appreciates how the notes in the treble clef are important. C. creates new idea in forming a music. II. Subject Matter A. Topic Lesson: Notes in the Five Main Lines of the Treble Clef B. Instructional Materials Flash cards C. References Ricci Adams Copyright 2000-2005 http://www. childrensmusicworkshop. om/musictheory/lessons/html/id10_en. html Copyright  © 1999-2012 Demand Media, Inc. http://www. ehow. com/how_5125488_teach-children-music-notes. html http://www. ehow. com/how_6352010_beginners-can-learn-music-notes. html http://www. ehow. com/list_6188183_games-music-staff. html III. Procedures A. Preliminary Activity 1. Opening Prayer 2. Checking of Attendance 3. Mood Setting Teacher’s Activity| Student’s Activity| Hi class Good Morning! Today we will have a new lesson. Are you excited to learn new lesson? But before that I’m going to show you these pictures.What do you call this? (Showing G-clef)Okay, you are raising you hand, Ms. /Mr. _____________________Very good! Ms. /Mr. _____________________. You may sit down. Now, this one what can do you called this? (Showing the Staff)Yes you Ms. /Mr. _____________________. That’s right, Thank you Ms. /Mr. _____________________. And last, what is this? (Showing Quarter Note)Yes you Ms. /Mr. _____________________. Yes, thank you Ms. /Mr. _____________________. Okay, children. Look at the picture of the Staff. What do you observe? Let’s hear from, Ms. /Mr. _____________________.And how many lines and spaces does the Staff has? Very good observation, Ms. /Mr. _____________________. Ms. /Mr. ______________ said that the Staff has five lines and four spaces and that is right. Today, you will learn about the Five Main Lines and the Four spaces of t he Treble Clef. | Good Morning teacher Nikki! Yes we are! (students raising their hands)(students raising their hands)(students raising their hands)(students raising their hands)Teacher, the Staff has lines and spaces. The Staff has five lines and four spaces. | B. Lecture Teacher’s Activity| Student’s Activity|The staff is the foundation upon which notes are drawn. The modern staff is comprised of five lines and four spaces. When we say Treble Clef it is also called the G Clef. Class, please get your papers and your pens. Because we will draw G-clef. (Teacher Nikki is teaching how to draw the G-clef. )Okay, It seems that everyone knows how to draw it. Good job children And now, on the other piece of paper, draw the staff. Remember, that the staff is consists of 5 lines and four spaces. Everyone, all done drawing their own staff? Now everyone knows how to draw a G-clef and the staff.Let us combine the two. Always remember that the G-clef or any clef is located at the l eft side of the staff. On your drawn staff. We will add the G-clef. Draw a G-clef sign on your staff. Okay, everyone is done. Children, what do you observe to your drawing? Do you think it is incomplete Ms. /Mr. _____________________? Very Good answer Ms. /Mr. ____________ you may sit down. As Ms. /Mr. ____________ said that staff has Notes on it. We will discuss now the notes in the treble clef or the staff. Treble Clef consists of five lines and four spaces.Each lines and spaces represents a note. Now let us discuss the Names in the Line. There are five lines in the staff, and this notes spell out the word â€Å"E-G-B-D-F†To make you to be more familiar to name of the lines we will call it:â€Å"Every-Good-Boy-Does-Fine†Ms. /Mr. _____________________, what does E-G-B-D-F stands for? Alright Ms. /Mr. ____________ Were done with the lines of the staff, now let’s go with the Spaces. Just like the lines, spaces have names to. We can simply call it the, â€Å"F-A- C-E†What do we call the spaces in the staff Ms. /Mr. _____________. Thank you Ms. Mr. _____________ We are now familiar with the names inside the staff. Now, let us combine the names. As you seen, starting from the first line the next is the space, followed by the another line then space and line again, space and line and final space and the final line. It means that the first line stands for â€Å"E† followed by the space letter â€Å"F†. Then the line again stands for â€Å"G† and then the space â€Å"A†. Then the line again stands for â€Å"B† then the space letter â€Å"C†. The middle line stands for â€Å"D† for the next space letter â€Å"E† and for the final line stands for â€Å"F†.Or we can simplify this as, â€Å"E-F-G-A-B-C-D-E-F†| (Students get their papers and pens. )(Students are concentrating in drawing their G-clef. )(Students are drawing their staff. )Yes teacher! (Students are drawing. )(Ye s it is incomplete, because every treble clef has Notes on it. )â€Å"Teacher it is, Every-Good-Boy-Does-Fine†(Teacher, we call it F-A-C-E)| C. Application Teacher’s Activity| Student’s Activity| (Random Showing of Musical Flash Cards)For your activity we are going to play, play but just sitting on chair. I am going to show you flash cards and then tell me what note is it.Let us answer all together. But children remember, do not shout Are you ready children? What note is this.. Next.. Finally.. Very Good children! Thank you for your participation. | (Yes we are! )â€Å"E-F-G-A-B-C-D-E-F†| D. Evaluation Teacher’s Activity| Student’s Activity| For your quiz, get a piece of your paper and then number it from number one to 5. Ready class? Okay let us start. Answer these questions without cheating. I’ll only repeat it twice, so please listen carefully. 1. The Musical staff is consists of ________________ and ________________. 2. There are _____ lines in the staff. 3.There are _____ spaces in the staff. 4. What are the names in the spaces of the staff? 5. What are the names in the lines of the staff? All done? Pens Up! Please pass your papers in front. I’ll give the results tomorrow. And the highest will receive a small prize | (Students get papers) Answer:1. Lines and Spaces2. 5 / five3. 4/ four4. F-A-C-E5. E-G-B-D-F| E. Assignment Teacher’s Activity| Student’s Activity| For your assignment. Please read about Bass clef and Ledgers lines. That’s it for now. Hope you learn something today. God bless. | (Students take notes)Goodbye and Thank you, Ma’am. |

Apostles of Disunion essays

Apostles of Disunion essays In Apostles of Disunion, Charles Dew attempted to explain what caused the South to secede and start a civil war. One topic he focused on and believed was a major reason the South seceded was the pro slavery attitude the South held. Dew believed that if slavery did not exist then the civil war would have never occurred. Through his writings he showed the pro slavery attitude Southerners held and he used several examples to support this idea. Two of the best examples he used were actions that pro slavery Southerners took before the civil war started and speeches made by pro slavery southerners in attempt to gain an allegiance against the North. One example that Dew provided that showed actions Southerners took that demonstrated there pro slavery attitudes was the use of scare tactics by these Southerners. In an effort to build an alliance through the South, Southern leaders would use emotion to gain support of the common people. They would give examples of what would happen to them and there families if blacks would be free. These examples would explain how the lives of Southerners would be ruined and that the country would come to an end if slaves were freed. On page 22, Dew gave portions of a speech, by Governor John J. Petus of Mississippi that was given to the state legislature. In this speech he said, Secession was the only way to avoid the blight of Black Republicans politics and free Negro morals, he continued to say that if slaves were freed, Mississippi would become a cess pool of vice, crime and infamy. Petus was attempting to rationalize that the state would become a haven of criminals if slaves were free d. He was really concerned about losing the revenue from slavery, but he used scare tactics to get approval for secession. Another action that showed that pro slavery attitude Southerners held was the commissions that they held. These commissions were firs ...

Free Will Essays

Free Will Essays Free Will Essay Free Will Essay The power to make your own decisions and not have your choices determined by your genes and your past shows that the philosophy of free will is the most compelling philosophy. Naturalism is the philosophy that we, as humans, are influenced completely by our genes. The genes we were created and born with do not control the choices we make. If genes were the only things that influenced a person’s decisions, then scientists would be able to invent a machine that could make its own decisions and have all the thoughts a regular person has. So far, to the general public’s knowledge, there has not been a robot or machine invented that can think completely on it’s own. There have been machines that show some signs of higher level thinking, but nothing near that of a human’s. Free will allows us to think on our own. It lets us choose what we want to do. Our genes do not put thoughts into our head’s, they don’t force us to do good or evil. We have the free will to make those choices and to do what we want to do. Social determinism is the philosophy the all the decisions we make in the present and future are determined by everything that happened to you in your past. : Your upbringing does not completely influence all of your decisions. Many people who grow up in the same families can end up turning out to be completely different people. If a child was brought up in an abusive and addicted family, many times they can go against all odds and end up becoming remarkable and moral people. You are often influenced by what your are told and shown growing up, but that doesn’t mean that we don’t have the chance and free will to go against those influences and make our own decisions. Many people may try to use their upbringing as an excuse as to why they do the things they do, but that’s all it is, an excuse. You have the power to carry out any decision you want to do, your past has little to do with the present. Overall, everyone has a different opinion on free will and whether or not we, humans, have it. But I think the fact that our decisions are not limited to what our genes and upbringing tell us to do shows that we have free will. Our behaviour is determined by our own choices, and any argument as to whether social determinism or naturalism is more convincing always falls short in some way.

5 Essential Aspects of a History Personal Statement What Do Admission Officers Expect

5 Essential Aspects of a History Personal Statement What Do Admission Officers Expect 5 Essential Aspects of a History Personal Statement: What Do Admission Officers Expect? What do you think a journalist, Louis Theroux, a TV presenter, Jonathan Ross, and the Prince Charles have in common? Just looking at the article’s title, you’ll ask all of them, like me, need to write a personal statement on History? To some extent, you’re right. But it is unknown whether they had to write personal statements, especially Prince Charles. In fact, these famous people have a History degree as it is mentioned in the list of Top 10 Celebrities with History Degrees. So, how to become an outstanding historian? For a start, write a successful admission essay to start studying at the top universities in the world that are presented by the World University Rankings. According to the Telegraph, History is the 10th popular subject. This fact creates fierce competition between students. As such, when you apply to university, devote all the efforts to your personal statement, besides GPA that is not less important as well. Keep in mind that you only have one chance to impress the admission committee. As a rule, a mediocre piece of writing ruins the entire application. 1.   Reasons for Studying History Much like any other subject, your History statement has to clearly highlight your reasons why you choose History. It is advised to list current sources of inspiration and to avoid telling trivial past tales that don’t accurately represent your interest in the subject. 2.   Engagement with History In your personal statement show how you love the subject. For example, you can include one or two historical topics that you find interesting. If you conducted your own research on these topics, you could be of great value. Besides, think of history books you most enjoy reading or what historical sites you visit often. 3.   Crucial Experience that Led to Your Choice This goes beyond stating that you passed History at school. What is your personal experience that connected you with History? Whether it is a life-changing visit to a museum or extensive reading, you need to not only describe your experience in as much detail as possible but you also need to explain how it influenced. 4.   Individuality A personal statement is supposed to reveal an author who wrote it. Think of the qualities that would make you different from other applicants. You should convince an admission officer that you are the most appropriate student. Dr Alice Taylor, an admissions tutor, explains what qualities are expected from a potential History student fluency in writing, an interest in reading and curiosity. You can recollect your childhood moments when you asked questions about how and why things happened. If you were such a child and continue to explore this world as before, tell it in your personal statement. 5.   Originality It means you shouldn’t use the standard phrase library in your personal statement, a kind of â€Å"I have passion for history†. Imagine how many hundreds of essays are read by admission officers where a student asserts he or she has a passion for history. Instead, describe what you’re going to do with a History degree in the future in such a way as to show your passion for what you will do. At American Historical Association, you can observe what careers you can pursue. Overall, a History personal statement serves as more than a description of your interest in the subject but as a gateway into your promising future. After you gained an insight into the keys of writing an admission essay, your chances to be enrolled to a university have increased. Moreover, our experienced specialists, who have professional skills in writing History personal statements, can maximize your chances of success by providing you with the best personal statement samples.

Executive leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Executive leadership - Essay Example Others define leadership as a process by which a person exerts an influence over others for the accomplishment of an objective or objectives thus necessitates directing the organization is such a way that is cohesive and coherent. This requires that leaders apply their knowledge, attributes including belief, values, their ethics, character and skills (Clark, 2008). "Common to all definitions of leadership is the notion that leaders are individuals who, by their actions, facilitate the movement of a group of people toward a common or shared goal. This definition implies that leadership is an influence process" (CliffNotes). The various definitions of leadership seem to have little else in common. They are technically different in many respects, which include who exerts the influence, the purpose of the influence, the way in which influence is exerted and even the outcome of the attempt to influence. These differences are not simple scholarly nit-picking; rather they reflect deep disagreement about leadership and the leadership process (Yukl, 2009). Indeed, the pursuit of knowing which leadership type is the most effective and which characters a leader must possess is a subject of many studies, college courses and class discussions. "Leadership is a subject that has long excited interest among people. The term connotes images of powerful, dynamic individuals who command victorious armies, direct corporate empires from atop gleaming skyscrapers, or shape the course of nations. The exploits of brave and clever leaders are the essence of many legends and myths" (Yukl, 2009). Gary Yukl gave the following list of leadership definitions from different authors: Definitions of Leadership -Leadership is "the behavior of an individual . . . directing the activities of a group toward a shared goal." (Hemphill & Coons, 1957, pg. 7) -Leadership is "the influential increment over and above mechanical compliance with the routine directives of the organization." (Katz & Kahn, 1978, pg. 528) -"Leadership is exercised when persons . . . mobilize . . . institutional, political, psychological, and other resources so as to arouse, engage, and satisfy the motives of followers." (Burns, 1978, pg. 18) -"Leadership is realized in the process whereby one or more individuals succeed in attempting to frame and define the reality of others." (Smircich & Morgan, 1982, pg. 258) -Leadership is "the process of influencing the activities of an organized group toward goal achievement." (Rauch & Behling, 1984, pg. 46) -"Leadership is about articulating visions, embodying values, and creating the environment within which things can be accomplished." (Richards & Engle, 1986, pg. 206) -"Leadership is a process of giving purpose (meaningful direction) to collective effort, and causing willing effort to be expended to achieve purpose." (Jacobs & Jaques, 1990, pg. 281) -Leadership "is the ability to step outside the culture . . . to start evolutionary change processes that are more adaptive." (Schein, 1992, pg. 2) -"Leadership is the process of making sense of what people are doing together so that people will understand and be committed." (Drath & Palus, 1994, p. 4) -Leadership is "the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organizat

Week four Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week four - Essay Example Nurses are constantly encouraged to seek new knowledge. They also tend to base their practices where patients are concerned about evidence. Nurses also characteristically position themselves to offer direction, information and input concerning decisions that have to do with resource allocation. In hospital environments decisions that are concerned with staffing, salaries, and issues that have to do with the practice environment need to be under the jurisdiction of nurses. This is because in most instances, it is the nurses who use all these resources and facilities on a daily basis and so are more likely to recognize what is required. In addition, medical institutions that esteem diversity are more likely to view the nursing profession with considerable respect. In institutions where nurses are not valued, even though they are responsible for most of the tasks, the nursing staff usually has to labour to create strategic plans that uphold diversity and respect through leadership development (Tagney and Haines, 2009). The perceptions of the significance of nursing as a profession appears to vary across different medical organizations. For example, in medical centers whose aim is to develop cures or vaccines through comprehensive research programmes, nurses tend to feel left out and irrelevant. Moreover, in institutions where all activity is centered around patient care nurses tend to feel empowered, and that ther contributions are

Education Literature Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Education Literature Questions - Assignment Example A well planned and methodological teaching incorporates all the relevant information and beyond. It is also thought provoking and interactive to incite thinking and application aptitude in the students. In today's' scenario where an exponential rise in technology is mounting, freedom must be given to students to come up with their thoughts and views. Such a balance between structural framework and innovative thoughts, coming out of freedom or open discussion is important not only for local knowledge but also for public knowledge. A constant interaction with the students enhances teaching skill of the teacher as well (as in the case of Crouse). 2) How was the knowledge created or generated? According to Crouse, students and teacher work together in a manner to formulate a curriculum. It is a phase of learning for both, the teacher as well as the student, where the teacher understands how to enhance skills in order to generate better understanding in students while the children enrich their understanding towards the subject. Teacher could improve teaching by being thoughtful and by finding out ways where students grasp and learn well. Appropriate teaching methodology, clear, coherent and lucid explanation generates understanding for the subject. However, in order to impart appropriate knowledge to the students it is essential that the teacher must recognize their level of understanding and awareness of students. Moreover, a psychological implication is also essential. One parameter of classroom research cannot be implemented in diverse cultural environments, as culture of the geographical region also plays an imperative role in classroom studies. Some of the developing nations do not promote interactive studies which hampers the cognitive development of the students and potential and skills of the students remain underdeveloped. The cultural background of some nations of Asia do not promote female education. Thus, females in these nations remain underprivileged a nd contribute little to the growth and progress of their children and hence the nation. Generating understanding, awareness and knowledge therefore, directly relates and depicts cultural predisposition which plays pivotal role in knowledge creation and generation. 3) Was it shared with other practitioners? How? Crouse appears to consider knowledge generation as both the rationale of education and theme of her own research and shared these ideas with various researchers including Marilyn Cochran-Smith (2010). With the technological advances and availability of resources, internet accessibility, awareness is generated at a rapid pace. Findings in education, research and technology could be easily shared across the world. The world is now connected and sharing information is just a click away. B. Topic:- Classroom Studies: Why it should be counted as research? Ref. Lytle, S.L., Cochran-Smith, M. (1992). Teacher research as a Way of Knowing. Harvard Educational Review,62(4), 447- 474. C lassroom teaching involves direct interaction between teacher and the students, a face-to-face interaction. During this interaction the expression and explanation of the teacher is of paramount significance. The depth of knowledge of the teacher and explicit explanation needs constant

Meaning and Importance of Programmed Life Cycle (PLC) Term Paper

Meaning and Importance of Programmed Life Cycle (PLC) - Term Paper Example The blend applied requires the leader to utilize styles such as visionary. They are necessary because they create future, enable empowerment, and react in an expansive way. The conceptual stage follows the feasibility study phase in which the programme formulation takes place. This phase stresses earnestly on attributes such as listening, analysis, as well as the alignment. At this phase, leaders react by analyzing issues analytically, listening carefully, being change masters, and showing the virtue of convergence. The programme development stage, normally the third stage in the PLC emphasizes the acceptance, commitment, and cooperative. The leader must display team building traits as they apply power to influence the rest of the workforce positively. The fourth phase, which is the execution of the programme stresses on re-alignment (Mclean, et al., 2011). The leader, in this case, reacts by being a decision maker, balances work and leisure; depict trustworthiness and synergy. The final phase is the programme finishing stage. It entails the transfer of the product and information. At this phase, the leader must display the necessary administrative qualities. A recreational programmer using the PLC is capable of sharing a solitary management mechanization platform. The practice of PLC has been deemed realistic and it engages everyone. This allows conducting considerations before making the eventual decision. The outcome of the PLC, therefore, is a result of consultations between the managers and the other staff. Consequently, there exists allegiance among the lower ranked staff. Advertising entails the communication of remunerations of a product or a service by making a segment or the entire community familiar with it. This activity ensures that people are aware of the choices granted to them as consumers. Conversely, publicity refers to an activity involving managing of productions, services, as well as the popularity of a company.

Extra assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Extra assignment - Essay Example The article talks about the evil practice of evading taxes and the topic has been narrowed down by the author and primarily focuses upon the citizens of Switzerland. There are about 52000 American depositors who have intentionally hidden some information regarding tax evasion with the help of their Swiss Bank accounts, the Swiss authorities are known for their secrecy and this is a double edged weapon and it is certainly proving out to be that way. The US government is putting extreme pressure on the Swiss government to provide them with information of the American citizens who have Swiss bank accounts. The US government has even launched a civil suit in Miami to get access to this pivotal information. The US government firmly believes that the American citizens have hidden their potential worth of about $ 14.8 billion in various Swiss bank accounts and recently a Swiss bank by the name UBS provided information important information to the US authorities of as many as 250 US citizens who have their bank accounts with the bank. The Swiss government is trying really hard to implement a tax system which will complement their secrecy but this has not been implemented yet. The French president has also got involved in this and he recently said that Switzerland would be put in a black list of the G-20 members for being a tax- haven nation. The Swiss president has assured the US authorities that they have set up a panel to deal effectively with this potential problem of tax evasion. The Swiss officials have acknowledged that they have not been invited in a conference that deals mainly with reforming the international financial system. This is quite unfair, the officials should have invited to the conference in order to solve this problem. Avoiding these officials will not help in solving this colossal problem, the whole world is facing the same problem and this does not mean that the officials involved in solving this

The adventures of Huckleberry Finn Norton critical edition Term Paper

The adventures of Huckleberry Finn Norton critical edition - Term Paper Example Briden, Jane Smiley and T.S. Eliot are examined. One of the major critics examining Huckleberry Finn is David Carkeet. Carkeet examines Twains story from a number of critical perspectives, but perhaps his most overarching take on the subject examines the various narrative techniques Twain utilizes throughout the novel. Within this context Carkeet pays particular emphasis on the nature of dialectics utilized in the novel. In these regards, he distinguishes between dialectics including: the Missouri negro dialect, the extremest form of the backwoods South-Western dialect, the ordinary Pike-County dialect (Twain, and Colley). Carkeet notes that it is necessary to make this distinction as without it the novel would simply sound alike, however not succeeding. Within this context then, Carkeet examines the various dialectics for their linguistic elements within the context of the novel. In these regards, Carkeet argues that Finns dialectic himself can be viewed as the norm to which other dialectics are then varied upon. In a way then, F inns dialectic becomes the a sort of majority dialectic spoken throughout the novel through which the other dialectics are understood in terms of a prism. It follows then that in differentiating further dialectics, Twain does so as a purposeful means. For instance, Carkeet argues that one of the major predominant dialectical changes is implemented by Twain to distinguish between race. Another factor Carkeet considers is the relation between these dialetics articulated by Twain and the sorts of dialectics implemented in the actual mid-nineteenth century. In considering this last point, Carkeet notes that there are significant divisions between the novel and the real-life dialectic. One major point in these terms is that Finn himself utilizes different variations on his own dialectic throughout the novel,

Extra assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Extra assignment - Essay Example The article talks about the evil practice of evading taxes and the topic has been narrowed down by the author and primarily focuses upon the citizens of Switzerland. There are about 52000 American depositors who have intentionally hidden some information regarding tax evasion with the help of their Swiss Bank accounts, the Swiss authorities are known for their secrecy and this is a double edged weapon and it is certainly proving out to be that way. The US government is putting extreme pressure on the Swiss government to provide them with information of the American citizens who have Swiss bank accounts. The US government has even launched a civil suit in Miami to get access to this pivotal information. The US government firmly believes that the American citizens have hidden their potential worth of about $ 14.8 billion in various Swiss bank accounts and recently a Swiss bank by the name UBS provided information important information to the US authorities of as many as 250 US citizens who have their bank accounts with the bank. The Swiss government is trying really hard to implement a tax system which will complement their secrecy but this has not been implemented yet. The French president has also got involved in this and he recently said that Switzerland would be put in a black list of the G-20 members for being a tax- haven nation. The Swiss president has assured the US authorities that they have set up a panel to deal effectively with this potential problem of tax evasion. The Swiss officials have acknowledged that they have not been invited in a conference that deals mainly with reforming the international financial system. This is quite unfair, the officials should have invited to the conference in order to solve this problem. Avoiding these officials will not help in solving this colossal problem, the whole world is facing the same problem and this does not mean that the officials involved in solving this

Taxation System of UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Taxation System of UK - Essay Example Finally the system of collecting taxes must be efficient. For example if the government spends more in order to collect a given amount of tax money it is useless having a system of taxation. In the UK the current system of taxation has a number of shortcomings such as collective bias in favor of those who are able to pay and structural deficiencies at the deduction level. The British system of taxation is basically determined by a desire to act in conformance with the age old principles of taxation as enunciated by Adam Smith. In the first instance taxes must be fair or equitable; secondly they must be convenient; thirdly they must be neutral; fourthly they must be efficient; fifthly they must be simple; and sixthly they must be adequate (Jones & Catanach, 2008). Yet how far these principles have been adhered to in the current situation in Britain is to be decided by each individual because there is much more to be desired in the British tax system with reference to the equity principle and the government's efforts to redistribute income on a nation-wide basis. According to the first maxim of Adam Smith as noted above every person should pay in proportion to that which is based on their respective revenue earnings and to the extent to which they enjoy protection of the government. Simply it is the "ability to pay" principle. Further he shows that tax should be levied on economic rent because the rent and the revenue were considered as synonyms in Smith's days. However according to the tax system revenue includes only income from an investment and it excludes wages and salaries. Thus in the18th century Britain most of the income was earned from landed properties. In the 21st century Britain where services have come to occupy a very important place, the old approaches to taxation might not be feasible though the fundamental principles remain intact. Secondly, tax payers must be certain about the current and future periods of time. Moreover, it must be predictable and should not be arbitrary. Each person should be aware about the exact amount that he/she has to pay according to their earnings. They should know reasons, exceptions/biases, and abatements when they are paying taxes. Government revenue budgets are either one year in duration or less (Ricardo, 2006). This affects businesses because they have to plan for corporate taxation a number of months, if not years, in advance. According to the third maxim, tax payment should be convenient to the tax payer. In fact the government should be flexible in the application of the tax rules. For example in demanding due payments, collecting payments and so on, tax authorities ought to identify more convenient ways so that the taxpayer isn't inconvenienced by way of haphazard schedules and rules as in the case of VAT financial penalty on late payers in Britain.Finally, tax system shoul d be efficient with reference to its determination cost and collection cost. Thus it ought to be as lower as possible. It is imperative that the cost of employing the tax officials should be less than the taxpayers' personal cost. However the British government has to spend a considerable amount of money on such things as maintaining records and form filling to collect taxes from people.

Pre Implantation Genetic Testing Philosophy Essay

Pre Implantation Genetic Testing Philosophy Essay Humanity revolves around procreation. We need to reproduce in order to produce future generations. In the past few years, science and medicine has gained an immense amount of knowledge about pregnancy and the underlying developmental stages of how it works. Furthermore, science is progressively improving, resulting in our ability to diagnose, manipulate and sometimes treat genetic abnormalities. Procedures such as the pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) were developed as a means to avoid selective abortions by detecting that the embryo is free of terrible lethal genetic diseases such as Huntingtons disease. However, recently PGD has been raising some ethical questions as people began using this technology for medically unrelated and unjustified reasons. Vanity and secondary motives of patients who use PGD for the creation of designer babies and savior siblings violates the fundamental principle of morality. Using PGD for reasons other than justified genetic testing is impermissi ble because it treats the potential baby as a means not as ends in itself; therefore, it violates Kants second categorical imperative. Scientific Background PGD works through a process of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). In this procedure, multiple eggs are produced, retrieved from the ovaries and [manually] fertilized with the husbands sperm in a laboratory, outside of the female body3. As the embryos develop in vitro, embryo biopsy is performed by removing a single cell from each three day old embryo4. These cells are analyzed-by a variety of methods-for particular chromosomal or genetic abnormalities in order to distinguish which embryos are free of genetic disease. Normal, healthy embryos are then transferred into the uterus where they can grow and develop into a healthy child. Arguments Kant Immanuel Kant came up with a moral philosophy that was based on a theory of the Categorical Imperative. These are valid principles based off of the concept of duty that must be obeyed by all and are good in and of themselves. The second categorical imperative states that one should Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, always at the same time as an end and never merely as a means to an end2. In other words, one has perfect duty to not use someone as a means to achieve a personal goal. This principle of rationality formulates the core of moral law and requirements that rational agents must follow. Furthermore, each rational being has autonomy, or a free will to define their own law. However, possession of autonomy by each being implies that all persons should be treated equally, with the same amount of respect and one cannot infringe on the others rational will. The intuitive essence of humanity, therefore, objects to usin g others as a mere tool because it overlooks ones integrity and humanness. So, one cannot assert a moral right to own a person-like a piece of property-because proprietary right over a person denies any existence of a free rational action; furthermore, it denies the person a right to be an end in themselves. But, humans have value and worth; hence, they require to be respected. Each person deserves to be respected for his/her integral being (of who they are). While PGD is performed on fetuses, its use is still unjustified because fetuses are potential persons and therefore, require the same amount of respect as any other person. Furthermore, the use of PGD in creating designer babies and savior siblings violates Kants second categorical imperative. Designer Babies A very compelling argument against PGD arises out of its questionable potential use in creating perfect designer babies. The technology behind PGD would allow parents to select specific and nonessential traits (such as eye color, height, athletic ability, even intelligence) that they want their child to express. Such technology is reminiscent of the Build-a-Bear Workshop but for grown-ups. Using PGD as a means for eugenics is fallacious and unjustified in many ways, such as its violation of the second categorical imperative. Parents have abused PGD use in order to have it cater to their individual conceited expectations of creating a perfect child. They vainly pick and chose the traits they find beneficial and get rid of ones they find unhealthy or unperfect so they could satisfy their goal of not having a financially and socially burdensome child. Not only is this wrong because it discriminates against the disabled but also because it violates the core value of humanity by infringing upon the childs autonomous will by treating him/her as a means to an inappropriate end. The parents social and economic ends are being pursued while the childs ends are being neglected. In designing a child, parents destruct the childs will (in a few different ways) therefore, they fail to treat them as an end in themselves. Physically, parents annihilate certain features their child would naturally possess (not to mention the obliteration of unwanted fetuses). By doing so, parents fail to treat the child humanely. Also, al tering mental abilities of a child is deceptive and confuses their will. Hence, it overlooks the rational ability of a-potential-rational agent and his/her end in himself/herself. Finally, parents restrict their childs will by altering their whole mental and physical being and not allowing them to pursue their individual goals as they see fit4. In order for the mental and physical humanity to be treated as an end, ones will must exist. However, when parents select traits for their child, they overlook their childs dignified and humane right to be how they were naturally meant to be. They use their child as a means to reach some vain, social or economical end, therefore, violating Kants second categorical imperative. Every human being is a rational agent (even the fetus which is a potential person) and has autonomy; therefore, one should not be treated as a means to an end. Because the use of PGD allows parents to use their children as a means to an unjustified end, its use is imperm issible. Savior Siblings Another issue with using PGD rises out of its unjustified creation of savior siblings. A savior sibling is a child created by tissue typing and help of PGD in hope of providing a perfect HLA-match for the seriously sick sibling in order to save his/her life. While the engineered child does not benefit or is harmed, the implications of such procedure are morally unethical. It objectifies the child, viewing him/her as a mere commodity, disregarding the childs humane right to equality. Treating such child as a tool to cure another violates an ethical principle of treating a person as an end in himself/herself (violates the second CI) because it uses the child as a means for which to treat the unhealthy older sibling. Such applications of PGD resemble slavery, where the savior child is a slave and the parent is a slave-owner. The parent would possess a right to own the slave child affirming the child as a commodity. But a child is not an object to have possession over; the child is a per son who requires respect and possesses an autonomous will to be an end in himself/herself. Therefore, creating a slave or savior sibling would violate the categorical imperative due to the demolishment of the childs free rational action. Thus, use of PGD for the creation of savior (slave) siblings is unjustified because it strongly violates Kants second categorical imperative. Furthermore, creation of savior siblings leads to other problems. In addition to being unethical, there is a strong belief that a childs profound identity would be impaired. They would be viewed as a secondary gain, a tool solely designed for the purpose of saving another life. This impaired will of the child would lead to countless psychological problems. The mental aspect of the childs humane nature would be compromised-the child would lack self-esteem and self-rescpect-as he/she would not be praised for his/her individual value but rather as a means to a particular end. Parents, by using PGD for instrumentalization of their children, would violate the childs autonomous will and individual personal value by using them as mere means to parental ends and limit[ing] a childs right to an open future4. In sum, PGD promotes unjustified creation of designer babies and savior siblings. The use of this technology allows parents to use their children (or potential children) as a means to satisfy their parental end; therefore, neglecting the childs autonomous will to be an end in himself/herself. Thus using PGD to create designer babies and savior siblings is impermissible because it violates Kants second categorical imperative. Opposition PGD is argued to be unethical in this paper; however, others view its use acceptable and nothing more than a legitimate autonomous right of parents to produce healthy children. They believe that because parents are the most socially and economically affected by the birth of a child, then they should have the right and freedom to choose the identity of their offspring. Having a healthy child is in the parents interest because it is less socially and financially constraining and burdensome. Besides, being healthy is in the best interest of the child as well. The child would want to live a happy and healthy life, free of disease. If PGD can provide a tool for removing such lethal and stigmatizing disease form society, then it should be perfectly plausible to be able to use it. Parents have a right to choose what it best for their children and family; therefore, using PGD as a means that will allow them to select for traits they see best fit for their child would be perfectly justified. Rebuttal However, while these are plausible reasons for the use of PGD, they are not strong enough to justify its immoral applications. Every single individual-even the potential person and the disabled-has a right to autonomy. No one can or should be able to define what life is worth living; furthermore, no one can impose the quality of life of principle on another. As previously stated, we can not say that the disabled lead a good or a bad life; it is simply not for us to decide. In fact, values of good and bad are of human conception and will vary from person to person. Parents need to take responsibility, financially and mentally for their child regardless of its physical well-being. Good parent do not choose; furthermore, they do not use their child as a means to appease their interest of having a less socially and financially constraining life. Using PGD for vain reasons is never morally justified. Using PGD for medicinal reasons is appropriate; however, using it for designer babies and savior siblings violates the fundamental principle of ethics (Kants second categorical imperative) and therefore, can never be morally justified. Conclusion In conclusion, PGD has revolutionized reproduction. It has granted access into a remote realm by allowing persons to select favorable genetic characteristics of offspring before implantation. However, while its promising view of the world without suffering and disease sounds appealing, moral justifications of PGD and its policy raise many concerns. More specifically, some of the issues with the use of this technology deal with the unjustified creation of designer babies and savior siblings. These are serious issues, the implications of which can have destructive and irreversible consequences on the present and future generations. While some of the applications of PGD may be accepted; nevertheless, as of now, the risks outweigh the benefits. It is not medicines role to make one more socially accepted or be better-off. Those are not the types of standards for us to decide. Intentional destruction of potential human life is never justified. PGD runs on a dangerously thin line of potenti al medicinal benefit and playing God. It also violates Kants second categorical imperative by treating fetuses as a mere means to an end. Therefore, until clear, strictly medicinal and ethical applications of PGD are established, the use of this technology can not be justified.

Pesticides Essay -- essays research papers

Pesticides Problems with formatting There are many important issues in the world regarding the environment and it's affects on the average person. Though, the one that hits closest to home, worldwide, is the trust that individuals have in the food that they consume. Yet pesticides are still found daily in foods all around the world. Pesticides are toxins that are used by produce growers universally to control pests that can destroy crops. These toxins are being ingested by humans in the forms of fruits and vegetables that have remaining toxins on them. How safe are these toxins to humans and what is being done to safeguard the environment as well as the health of individuals? Does the average person consume harmful amounts of poison at every meal? If the levels are unsafe, why is this problem continuing to get a blind eye from the people who are supposed to protect society? These questions when asked only lead to more questions. Until things are done to change the systems of pesticide usage universally, society can never be sure as to the long term effects on our environment and what they are eating or giving to the future of our world, the children. In some foreign countries pesticides are used more frequently with legislative control than in the United States. In Mexico and South America, for example, many of the pesticides that the United States and Europe have banned, wind up being used on a majority of their produce crops. The largest problem with this is that Europe and the United States import from South America for produce all of the time. What good does it do to ban harmful agricultural chemicals to be used on domestically grown crops if crops in other countries are grown with these same harmful chemicals, and are then allowed to be imported? Mexico and South America are the leading suppliers of produce for the earth's population because their climate is very conducive to year around crops. Unfortunately those countries are also known for their large amount of insects of all varieties. These insects are steadily becoming more and more immune to toxins that are sprayed on crops. More than five hundred insects, one hundred and fifty plant diseases and two hundred and seventy weeds are now resistant to pesticides. Results are that U.S. growers as well, are steadily forced to apply more and stronger toxins. As the amount an... ...TM Loops, Marilyn. "Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children: What Are the Issues?" National Network for ChildCare Online. Internet. 11 Oct 1998. Available http://www.exnet.iastate.edu/pages/nncc/Nutrition/pestic.infant.html "Our Vanishing Wildlife." In Harmony. Online. Internet. 11 Oct. 1998. Available http://www.inharmony.com./pestwild.htm "Pesticide and Food Safety." California Environmental Protection Agency: Department of Pesticide Regulation July 1997:1-2. Online. Internet. 11 Oct. 1998. Available http://www.cdpr.ca.gov. "Pesticides and Food Safety." IFIC Jan. 1995: 1-13. Online. Internet. 13 Oct. 1998 Available http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/agfacts/pesticides/pesticides.html Pimental, David. "Environmental and Economic Costs of Pesticides." Bioscience Nov. 1998. Online. Internet. 13 Oct. 1998 Available http://207.82.250/251/cgi-bin/getmsg? Wheat, Andrew. "Toxic Bananas." Multinational Monitor Sept. 1996: 9-15 Online. Internet. 13 Oct. 1998. Available http://www.essential.org/monitor/hyper/mm0996.04.html Zuckerman, Seth. "Across the Great Divide." Sierra Sept. 1992: 20-21. Online. Internet. 7 Apr. 1998. Available http://207.82.250/251/cgi-bin/getmsg?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pesticides Essay -- essays research papers Pesticides Problems with formatting There are many important issues in the world regarding the environment and it's affects on the average person. Though, the one that hits closest to home, worldwide, is the trust that individuals have in the food that they consume. Yet pesticides are still found daily in foods all around the world. Pesticides are toxins that are used by produce growers universally to control pests that can destroy crops. These toxins are being ingested by humans in the forms of fruits and vegetables that have remaining toxins on them. How safe are these toxins to humans and what is being done to safeguard the environment as well as the health of individuals? Does the average person consume harmful amounts of poison at every meal? If the levels are unsafe, why is this problem continuing to get a blind eye from the people who are supposed to protect society? These questions when asked only lead to more questions. Until things are done to change the systems of pesticide usage universally, society can never be sure as to the long term effects on our environment and what they are eating or giving to the future of our world, the children. In some foreign countries pesticides are used more frequently with legislative control than in the United States. In Mexico and South America, for example, many of the pesticides that the United States and Europe have banned, wind up being used on a majority of their produce crops. The largest problem with this is that Europe and the United States import from South America for produce all of the time. What good does it do to ban harmful agricultural chemicals to be used on domestically grown crops if crops in other countries are grown with these same harmful chemicals, and are then allowed to be imported? Mexico and South America are the leading suppliers of produce for the earth's population because their climate is very conducive to year around crops. Unfortunately those countries are also known for their large amount of insects of all varieties. These insects are steadily becoming more and more immune to toxins that are sprayed on crops. More than five hundred insects, one hundred and fifty plant diseases and two hundred and seventy weeds are now resistant to pesticides. Results are that U.S. growers as well, are steadily forced to apply more and stronger toxins. As the amount an... ...TM Loops, Marilyn. "Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children: What Are the Issues?" National Network for ChildCare Online. Internet. 11 Oct 1998. Available http://www.exnet.iastate.edu/pages/nncc/Nutrition/pestic.infant.html "Our Vanishing Wildlife." In Harmony. Online. Internet. 11 Oct. 1998. Available http://www.inharmony.com./pestwild.htm "Pesticide and Food Safety." California Environmental Protection Agency: Department of Pesticide Regulation July 1997:1-2. Online. Internet. 11 Oct. 1998. Available http://www.cdpr.ca.gov. "Pesticides and Food Safety." IFIC Jan. 1995: 1-13. Online. Internet. 13 Oct. 1998 Available http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/agfacts/pesticides/pesticides.html Pimental, David. "Environmental and Economic Costs of Pesticides." Bioscience Nov. 1998. Online. Internet. 13 Oct. 1998 Available http://207.82.250/251/cgi-bin/getmsg? Wheat, Andrew. "Toxic Bananas." Multinational Monitor Sept. 1996: 9-15 Online. Internet. 13 Oct. 1998. Available http://www.essential.org/monitor/hyper/mm0996.04.html Zuckerman, Seth. "Across the Great Divide." Sierra Sept. 1992: 20-21. Online. Internet. 7 Apr. 1998. Available http://207.82.250/251/cgi-bin/getmsg?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Response Essay :: Essays Papers

Response Essay When the issue of Animal Testing is brought up in the course of a conversation, almost every single person that is involved in this discussion will have opinions that differ in some way, shape, or form. Many people will talk about the horrific conditions that animals are forced to live under, as well as the pain and suffering that they must endure while being tested. However, these conditions are not all that horrible when you take into account the state of the world we live in. This issue can be debated back and forth until the end of time. It is an issue involving two totally opposite views, pros versus cons. Pro-Con. The Con side will state that so many animals are needlessly used while in a test, but according to Roger Marshall, large numbers must be used in tests in order to account for statistically reliable results (Marshall 1). The Con side will also say it is not needed, and it serves no purpose, however, animal testing is a great thing, because it can help find cures for human illnesses, it can aid in the advancements of medical procedures, and it can also find cures for illnesses of animals. For many years, performing research on animals has had invaluable benefits for the human race, and without the constant developments we receive from it, we might still be plagued by the most medieval of viruses that we do not even think about in this day in age. The probability of heart attacks, strokes, and kidney failure would greatly increase if we did not possess the medication we can now use to control high blood pressure. According to the American Medical Progress Education Foundation, great advancements have been made regarding cardiology, including coronary blood flow, coronary bypass techniques and high blood pressure medication (Research 2). Many medications have been produced as a result of testing on animals, including insulin, the medication used to regulate diabetes. If animals were not used in medical research, we might still be living in a world where we must fear diseases like polio, smallpox, and even measles. Human Benefits. Medicine alone is not the only thing that has been vastly improved due to animal testing, the way we treat diseases and surgeries has all drastically changed and improved.

All the reasons not to eat at Mcdonalds Essay

Almost every American has probably at one time or another eaten at one of McDonald’s many restaurants or they have at least heard of the mega fast food chain. For decades, Americans have enjoyed their array of menu items. Recently, people have been looking deeper and deeper into if McDonald’s is really a healthy restaurant to eat at. I propose that customers who enjoy McDonald’s food should no longer consume it because it can make you obese, the portions are way too big, and the food at McDonald’s is practically phony. To start off, people all over the world that like the McDonald’s should not eat at the familiar restaurant because it could lead to serious weight problems. Hopefully, people who eat at McDonald’s will realize it is not doing them any good. Studies show that those who frequently eat at McDonald’s gained 10 pounds more than those who did so less often, and were more than twice as likely to develop an insulin disorder linked to diabetes. Clearly, fast food eaters could gain more pounds especially if the foods that are high in fat, like the food served at McDonald’s. Therefore, if you do not want to get fat, I might steer clear from McDonald’s. The second reason as to why you should not eat at McDonald’s is because the portions are becoming larger. As the year’s progresses, the portions at McDonald’s are getting bigger and bigger even though you might not even realize it. The problem is that people tend to eat or drink what’s in front of them. We also significantly underestimate how many calories we consume. But even when consumers try to do right by their diets by choosing a small or medium of something at a fast-food chain, they may be getting more than they expect. Basically, this is teaching us that it is okay to eat what is in front of us, even if there is a lot. Last but not least, the food that they serve at McDonald’s is not authentic because of all of the extra additives that they have added just for the taste. I believe that there is definitely a difference between real food and fake food. Real food is savory and in some cases it melts in your mouth, while fake food doesn’t even taste and the texture is similar to plastic. People deserve much better than fake food and that is the kind of stuff that you are consuming when you eat McDonald’s. I do not know about you but a sausage burrito containing 50 different ingredients including milk, egg, wheat, corn syrup, and a range of chemicals and preservative agents does not sound very tempting to me. Not only that but the hash browns are cooked with animal products and the bacon contains wheat and soy. I just do not think that is right. The food that people eat should have real ingredients like potatoes in hash browns, not all those fake preservatives. You would not cook a meal at home with all of that extra stuff in it, so eating it at McDonald’s does not make much sense to me. Much of the food at McDonald’s contains extra additives. I think that we deserve much better than that. Just because of the ingredients in the food, I don’t think that we should eat at McDonald’s. People that take pleasure in the food at McDonald’s should not eat there any longer because the risk is far too high. It can make you gain weight because of the extra calories and fats that you are consuming. The portions of the food have grown year by year and you may not even know how much food you are actually eating. Also, there are so many other restaurant alternatives that offer a much better selection of food that actually have true ingredients. So, the next time you go to eat at a restaurant even if a McDonald’s is nearby, I would rethink your options.

Epic Hero Essay

Moral Courage EMMA WALSKY PRE-AP CHALLENGE ENGLISH 9 MRS. PEARSON 2 MARCH 2013 â€Å"It is curious that physical courage should be so common in the world and moral courage so rare. † (Mark Twain) Courage is the mental or moral strength to venture, persevere, and withstand danger, fear, or difficulty. Aragorn, from The Lord of the Rings, Odysseus from The Iliad and The Odyssey, and Katniss from The Hunger Games all demonstrate jarring courage throughout their journey to heroism.As Aragorn leads the Fellowship, they come across many obstacles and interferences. He is required to battle off Urak-hai, Orcs, and Nazgul and protect his comrades, all while continuing his quest to Mount Doom. Aragorn is a very loyal and intrepid leader whom is brought to heroism through his magnificent courage. Odysseus makes a very long journey in order to return home to Ithaca. He is forced to make tremendous sacrifices, survive the wrath of Skylla and Kharybdis, and take the form of an intelligent beggar.Odysseus is brought to his heroic means through his gallant courage and distinctive endurance. Katniss battles for days in order to win victory for her district. She protects fellow members, cunningly kills off enemies, and endures major physical and intellectual damage. Katniss’ stunning dedication and over powering courage lead her to great heroism. Heroes of epic orchestration, such as Aragorn from The Lord of The Rings by J. R. R.Tolkien, Odysseus from The Iliad and The Odyssey, by Homer, and Katniss from The Hunger Games, by Suzanne Collins, establish themselves as superior epic heroes through their intelligent utilization of the twenty-five epic hero steps, along with their astounding courage, bravery, and endurance which ultimately transforms them into three epic heroes that will never be forgotten. As an epic hero the first hero journey step, The Call to Adventure, acts as one of most important steps, as it begins ones strenuous expedition towards victory and t riumph.Odysseus, The Great Glory of the Achaians, was under oath to protect the marriage of Helen and Menelaus. After Helen was taken by Paris to the city of Troy, the Greeks demanded war upon the Trojans. Odysseus was asked by King Agamemnon and King Menelaus to endure war and bring his fleet of ships and soldiers. This marked the start of Odysseus’ lengthy journey to capture Helen, and defeat Troy. Odysseus proudly led the Walsky 2 Cephallenians, with twelve ships, who were settled in Ithaca, Neriton, Crocyleia, Aigilips, Zacynthos, and Samos.He was forced to leave his wife, Penelope, and his son, Telelmachus, for what soon became 20 years. Odysseus’ tremendous sacrifice to his country and his family along with his outstanding courage to bring home victory prove his title of an epic hero. Katniss, The Girl Who Was on Fire, begins her journey in the square of District 12. As the reaping begins, Katniss separates from her sister, Primrose, and waits for Effie Trinket t o announce which two children of the Seam will act as tribute. Effie reaches her hand deep into the ball and pulls out a slip of paper.As she crosses back to the podium, she smoothes the slip of paper and reads out the name in a clear voice, Primrose Everdeen. As a â€Å"strangled cry comes out of her throat and her muscles begin to move again,† Katniss screams out â€Å"Prim! † (Collins 22). Katniss makes way for the stage and pulls Prim behind her with one sweep of her arm as she gasps â€Å"I volunteer! I volunteer as tribute! † (Collins 22). Katniss protects her sister from the dangers of the battle as she unexpectedly volunteers to take her place as tribute. With this, she displays shocking courage and wholesome bravery.Katniss’ great deed is one of many that prove she is a respectable epic hero. Katniss and Odysseus both embark on hearty journeys that force them to make important sacrifices, portray a leader figure, and act courageous in battle, whi ch ultimately prove themselves as epic heroes. Each epic hero heftily utilizes the third hero journey step, The Wise and Helpful Guide and the Magic Tailsman, to assist and guide them in their path to success and glory. Aragorn, The Great Strider, along with the rest of the Fellowship, is led from the shire to Mount Doom by Gandalf the Grey, later Gandalf the White.Gandalf is a wizard, and is also known as the head of the Istari after the fall of Saruman. Gandalf leads and protects the Fellowship through Brandywine, The Old Forest, Chetwood, Bree, Weathertop, Trollshaws, and Rivendell until the final reach of Mount Doom. Aragorn is loyal to Walsky 3 Gandalf’s decisions and respects his strategies and tactics. He allows Gandalf to lead the Fellowship and trusts his knowledge and intelligence. Aragorn’s ability to respect, along with his distinctive loyalty and dedication towards others distinguishes him as an epic hero.Katniss is mentored by Haymitch Abernathy, victor o f the 50th Hunger Games, and won for District 12 at the age of 16. Haymitch first appears to Katniss as drunk and staggering as he dives off the stage at the reaping, and once again as he vomits on the expensive floor of the train headed to the Capitol. After a small fight between the two and Peeta, Haymitch begins to formulate a plan as he is interested in ones who can put up a fight. He tells them to train and learn new things, to avoid practicing skills they excel in. Haymitch successfully trains Katniss, as she comes out with a very high training score.Katniss respects Haymitch, although she is aware of his drinking problem, and obeys his rules and consequences. Katniss’ capability to learn and regard others methods prove her as a true epic hero. Aragorn and Katniss are capable of respecting others and distinguishing loyalty towards their mentors, ultimately giving them the title of epic hero. An epic hero would be nowhere without the sixth hero journey step, Hero Partner s, to lead, guide, and build each other up throughout the course of their journey. To Aragorn, the members of the Fellowship act as his hero partners.Frodo Baggins, Wise by Experience, Samwise Gamgee, The Salt of the Earth, Merry Brandybuck, Meriadoc the Magnificent, Pippin Took, The Hunchback, Legolas, The Green Leaf, Gimli, The Fire, Boromir, The War Jewel, Faramir, The Jeweled Hunter, and Gandalf, The Elf of the Staff, are all comrades of Aragorn. Each member of the Fellowship has a different type of relationship with Aragorn, whether it is family oriented or merely acquaintances. Aragorn utilizes the skills and abilities of each individual Fellowship member to bring them to victory and triumph.His healthy relationship with each Fellowship member allows them to relate to each other and create a Walsky 4 stronger bond, which is very important in the ultimate win. Aragorn’s healthy bonds and strong relationship with his hero partners differentiates him as an epic hero. One o f Odysseus’ hero partners is Diomedes, King of Argos. Diomedes is asked by Nestor to go on a night raid to the Trojan camp to kill guards and destroy their supplies. Diomedes is â€Å"willing to visit the enemy camp. But if one more could go with, that means more courage and more comfort† (The Iliad. 10. 119).Agamemnon orders Diomedes to choose a comrade, anyone he likes, as he knows the force of two will be stronger than one. Diomedes â€Å"could not think of anyone but Odysseus, the best man of all, ready heart and high temper in every enterprise† (The Iliad. 10. 120). Diomedes, along with many other Achaians, trusts and respects Odysseus as a fighter and as a genuine and loyal man. Athena, the Grey Eyed Goddess, is also a hero partner of Odysseus. As Odysseus enters the Phaiakians city, Athena â€Å"poured a sea fog around him as he went† so â€Å"that no jeering sailor should halt the man or challenge him for his luck† (The Odyssey. . 111). She cares about Odysseus’ safety and does everything she can to get him out of harm’s way. Athena knows Odysseus is a caring, genuine man whom deserves protection from danger. Odysseus’ bold relationships with his army and the gods and goddesses, and his strong bonds with generosity associate with the necessary deeds of an epic hero. The intelligent and genuine utilizations of hero partners by Aragorn and Odysseus prove their title as epic hero. The seventeenth hero journey step, The Hero’s Return, is one of the most important steps because it marks the hero’s victorious journey home.Odysseus had a very long expedition back to his home land of Ithaca. Odysseus and his men sail to the island of Cicones where they slaughter soldiers and kill livestock. After leaving Cicones, they sail to the Island of the Lotus Eaters, where many of his men eat the lotus plant and are intrigued to stay. They then sail to the Island of the Cyclopes and are trapped in Pol yphemus’ cave. They brutally drive a pole into his eye ball and escape by hanging under Walsky 5 the sheep he lets out to graze.After leaving the Cyclopes Island, Odysseus and his men sail to Aeolia, where he receives a gift of stormy winds to return home to Ithaca. The men open the bag and are directed to Aeaea, where they are given food and drinks from Circe. They sail to the Land of the Dead, where Teiresias tells them how to fend of the Sirens, Scylla, and Kharybdis. They sail through sirens but 6 of his men are taken by Skylla. As they reach Lord Helios’ island, Odysseus notifies his men not to slaughter and eat the cattle. They do so anyway and they are killed, leaving Odysseus alone. After many days he washes up upon Ogygia, Calypso’s island. He is oused there for seven years, and then lands on the island of Phaeacia, where he is the guest of honor at a banquet in the Phaeacian King’s palace. The king orders his men to give Odysseus a ship and then he sails off to home. He safely arrives in Ithaca, and has completed his journey home. Odysseus has many difficult encounters, near death experiences, and challenging tasks he must complete in order to return home. His outstanding level of endurance, strength and perseverance allows him to complete this miraculous journey and hold the title of en epic hero. Katniss endures many physically harmful situations in her quest to victory.Katniss protects fellow district members, hunts for food, kills off enemies, and builds shelters. As Claudis reinforms Katniss and Peeta that â€Å"the earlier revision has been revoked. Closer examination of the rulebook has disclosed that only one winner may be allowed,† she strings her bow and points the arrow right towards Peeta’s heart (Collins 342). As Peeta drops his knife, Katniss lowers her bow and steps back with shame. The two decide to, on the count of three, feed themselves a handful of poisonous berries so that neither of them would feel the pain of killing the other.Just as they lift their hands to their lips Claudis yells for them to stop and is â€Å"pleased to present the victors of the 74th Hunger Games† (Collins 345). A hovercraft materializes overhead and two ladders drop for Katniss and Peeta. As she places a foot on the first rung Walsky 6 of the ladder, she is home. As she steps aboard the plane safety and security fill the air. Katniss endured very harsh conditions, poor consistency, and emotional swings while in battle. Her astounding dedication and devotion for the victory of her district, led her home with triumph.Odysseus and Katniss return home through their astonishing endurance, dedication and courage, ultimately proving themselves as epic heroes. The twenty fifth hero journey step, Final Victory, is the most important as it labels the victory and win of a strenuous expedition, completed by an epic hero. Aragorn leads the Fellowship to triumph through his excellent leadership skil ls, combat abilities, and intelligent methods. The Battle of the Hornburg began Aragorn’s final victory. He revealed himself to Sauron as the heir of Isildur, in order to distract Sauron's attention from Frodo, who was approaching Mordor.Aragorn defended the city with the Dead Men of Dunharrow, who owed allegiance to the King of Gondor. They defeated Saurons allies, and sailed to Minas Tirith. They arrived at the Battle of the Pelennor Fields and with the help of the southern forces the armies of Gondor and Rohan rallied and defeated Sauron's army. Aragorn then led his armies to the Gates of Mordor, to distract Sauron. Sauron attacked with overwhelming force but at that moment the Ring was destroyed by Frodo and Sauron and his forces were defeated. Aragorn was crowned King of Elessar and as the heir of Isildur, bore the shards of Narsil.He demands â€Å"this day doesn’t belong to one man but to all† and vows to â€Å"rebuild this world that they may share in th e days of peace† (LOTR:RK). He is loyal to his country and even after acquiring glory and fame through his crown, he still believes the most important thing he can do as King is distinguish the world with peace and tolerance. As Aragorn is walking out of his coronation with his wife, Arwen, he encounters the hobbits as they bow towards his glory. Aragorn claims they â€Å"bow to no one† as he, along with the rest of the crowd, bow towards their tremendous accomplishment (LOTR:RK).Aragorn beholds genuine loyalty and Walsky 7 respect towards his fellow men and acts as a great role model to future epic heroes. His wholesome courage and bold leadership led the Fellowship to a final victory and prove he is worthy of being an epic hero. Odysseus battles many obstacles in order to share his identity with his family. As Odysseus arrives on Ithaca Athena covers him in a mist which allows him to reach his home without being harmed. Odysseus reveals himself to Telemachus, although it takes some time as he appears god-like.Then Odysseus disguises himself as a beggar and ventures to his home with Eumaeus. A fight broke out between Odysseus and Antinoos, a troublesome suitor, and he was summoned by Penelope as she was perceptive about the â€Å"beggar. † He tells her all he knows about Odysseus’ whereabouts and is then sent away. As he is receiving a cleanse from Eur’ykleia, the nurse, she notices his scar directly above his knee from hunting wild boar. Odysseus grabs her throat as he braces her up against the wall and informs her he will kill her if she tells others his true identity.Penelope believes Odysseus is not returning and decides to have a bow and arrow contest, to see which suitor possesses the skills of Odysseus. One must string a bow and shoot the arrow through a line of twelve axes. None of the suitors complete the task, so Odysseus proposes that he try and Penelope insists that he be given a chance. Odysseus swiftly completes the task, and strings a second arrow through the throat of Antinoos. He reveals himself as Odysseus, and the suitors then realize they have been locked in the room by Eumaeas and Philoetius.A raging battle begins and within no time all of the suitors are killed. Penelope, who slept through the entire fight, was called down to the scene. She didn’t believe it was Odysseus, and thought a god was playing a trick on her. She then orders Eur’ykleia to move her bridal bed and Odysseus immediately flares up. He explains that the bed is immovable, how it is built from the trunk of an olive tree around which the house had been constructed. Hearing him recount these details, she knows that this man Walsky 8 must be her husband.He is reunited with his wife and his son, and becomes part of a family once again. Odysseus cleansed his home with the blood of the suitors and their families were pacified by Athena. After twenty long years, he is finally home. Odysseus’ unimagina ble perseverance and outstanding courage are what lead him home to a final victory and prove that he is an epic hero. Aragorn and Odysseus both utilize their withstanding endurance and bravery to complete their final victory and return â€Å"home. † An epic hero is a brave, noble and courageous character, whom is admired for their great achievements.Aragorn, Odysseus and Katniss are all classified as epic heroes through their outstanding courage throughout their journey to heroism. Heroes of epic orchestration, such as Aragorn from The Lord of The Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien, Odysseus from The Iliad and The Odyssey, by Homer, and Katniss from The Hunger Games, by Suzanne Collins, establish themselves as superior epic heroes through their intelligent utilization of the twenty-five epic hero steps, along with their astounding courage, bravery, and endurance which ultimately transforms them into three epic heroes that will never be forgotten.Aragorn, Odysseus and Katniss will fore ver be remembered as stunning epic heroes. One’s moral courage determines one’s future. Walsky 9 Work Cited Collins, Suzanne. The Hunger Games. New York: Scholastic Press, 2008. Homer. The Iliad. Trans. W. H. D. Rouse. New York: NAL Penguin Inc. , 1938. Homer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Fitzgerald. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 1998 Tolkein, J. R. R. The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King. Dir. Peter Jackson. New Line Cinema, 2001, 2002, 2003. Twain, Mark. The Quote Garden, 1998. http://www. quotegarden. com/courage. html